Combined Effect of Sorghum Bicolor Formulated Diet and Glibenclamide on Some Biochemical Changes in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Salisu Y.  Mohammed; Aminu  Ibrahim; Musa  Bashir; Aminu  Idi; Zainab D.  Sule

doi:10.2659/njbmb.2022.63

Authors

Salisu Y. Mohammed Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology Zaria
Aminu Ibrahim
Musa Bashir
Aminu Idi
Zainab D. Sule

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.2659/njbmb.2022.63

Abstract

Food-drug synergy and safety are primarily focused on the potential benefits of using foods to lower the risk of chronic diseases. For the past few years, reports have shown that whole grains, particularly sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), may be potential alternatives to ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) symptoms. This study, evaluated the combined effect of sorghum formulated diet and glibenclamide on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Fifty-five (55) albino rats (Wistar strain) were randomly divided into eleven groups of five rats each. The animals received different dosage of the drug (1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg), formulated diet (20 g/kg, 15 g/kg and 10 g/kg b.w) and the combination for 28 days. The glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of the formulated diet were determined. Fasting blood glucose of rats was measured weekly while lipid profiles were estimated. The GI and GL were found to be 38.02% and 18.39% respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) reductions in the FBG concentrations of the groups treated with diet + glibenclamide compared to the negative control throughout the treatment period with a pronounced at third and fourth week. A significant reduction was observed in LDL-cholesterol (p<0.001), total cholesterol (p<0.05), and triglycerides (p<0.05) levels in groups given a combined treatment as compared to groups given single treatments of diet or glibenclamide. It can be concluded that a combination of the formulated diet and glibenclamide may be useful in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2013). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 36(1): s11 – s66.

Althwab, S., Carr, T.P., Weller, C.L., Dweikat, I.M. and Schlegel, V. (2015). Advances in grain sorghum and its co-products as a human health promoting dietary system. Nutrition and Health Sciences, Food Science and Technology, 77: 349–359.

AOAC, (1980). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 13th Ed. Washington, DC, USA.

AOAC, (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th Ed. Washington DC, USA.

AOAC, (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 17th Ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

AOAC, (2005). Official Method of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 18th Ed. Washington DC, USA, pp. 935.14 – 992.24.

Awika, J. M. and Rooney, L. W. (2018). Sorghum phytochemicals and their potential impact on human health. Phytochemistry, 65(9): 1199 – 1221.

Bodinham, C.L., Smith, L., Wright, J., Frost, G.S. and Robertson, M.D. (2012). Dietary fibre improves first - phase insulin secretion in overweight individuals. PLoS One, 7: e40834.

Chung, I.M., Kim, E.H., Yeo, M.A., Kim, S.J., Seo, M.C. and Moon, H.I. (2011). Antidiabetic effects of three Korean sorghum phenolic extracts in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Research International, 44(1): 127 – 132.

Crisan, E.V. and Sands, A. (1978). Nutritional value of edible mushroom, In: S.T. Chang and W.A. Hayer, Eds., Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms, Academic Press, New York. Pp. 137 – 168.

Della – Pepa, G., Vetrani, C., Vitale, M. and Riccardi, G. (2018). Wholegrain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies. Nutrients, 10(9):1288.

FAO (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, Rome, 56.

Gibaldi, M. and Perrier. D. (1982). Pharmacokinetics. 2nd Rev. Ed. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Gojka, R. (2016). WHO Global Report on Diabetes: A Summary. International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases, 1(1): 3 – 8.

Hargrove, J.L., Greenspan, P., Hartle, D.K. and Dowd, C. (2011). Inhibition of aromatase and α-amylase by flavonoids and proanthocyanidins from Sorghum bicolor bran extracts. Journal of Medicinal Food 14(7 - 8): 799 - 807.

Hätönen, K.A., Virtamo, J., Eriksson, J.G., Sinkko, H.K., Sundvall, J.E. and Valsta, L.M. (2011). Protein and fat modify the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a mashed potato-based meal. British Journal of Nutrition., 106(2): 248 – 253.

Henry, C.J., Lightowler, H.J., Kendall, F.L. and Storey, M. (2006). The impact of the addition of toppings/fillings on the glycaemic response to commonly consumed carbohydrate foods. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60(6): 763 – 769.

Ibrahim, S. I., Ameh, D. A., Atawodi, S. E. and Umar, I. A. (2016). Carbonic anhydrase: a new therapeutic target for managing diabetes. Journal of Metabolic Syndrome, 5(1): doi:10.4172/2167-0943.1000196

Cho, N.H., Show, J. E., Karuranga, S., Huang, Y., Da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Ohlrogge, A. W., Malanda, B. (2018). IDF Diabetes Altas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. 138: 271-281.

Jenkins, D.J., Kendall, C.W., Augustin, L.S., Mitchell, S., Sahye-Pudaruth, S., Blanco Mejia, S., Chiavaroli, L., Mirrahimi, A., Ireland, C., Bashyam, B., Vidgen, E., Souza, R.J., Sievenpiper, J.L., Coveney, J., Leiter, L.A. and Josse, R.G. (2012). Effect of legumes as part of a low glycemic index diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(21): 1653 - 1660.

Kelley, D.E. and Mandarino, L.J. (2000). Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: a reexamination. Diabetes, 49(5): 677 - 683.

Khaw, K.T. and Barrett-Connor, J. (1984). Dietary potassium and blood pressure in a population. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 39(6): 963 – 968.

Kjeldahl, J. (1883). Determination of Protein Nitrogen in Food Products. Encyclopedia of Food. Sciences, 439 - 441.

Lakshmi, K.B. and Vimala, V. (1996). Hypoglycemic effect of selected sorghum recipes. Nutrition Research, 16(10): 1651 – 1658.

Lascar, N., Brown, J., Pattison, H., Barnett, A.H., Bailey, C.J. and Bellary S. (2018). Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults. The Lancet, Diabetes and Endocrinology, 6(1): 69 – 80.

Lee, M., Kang, H., Chung, S. J., Nam, K. and Park, Y. K. (2022). Validation study of the estimated glycemic load model using commercially available fast foods. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9:892403.

Loci, A.S., Shaabha, M., Khazraji, A.L., Husain, A. and Twaija A. (1994). Hypoglycemic Effect of a valuable extract of Artemicisia Herb Alba II. Effect of a valuable extract on some blood parameters in diabetic animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 43: 167 – 171.

Modu, S., Laila, A., Zainab, A.M. and Bintu, B.P. (2011). Studies on the glycemic response of wheat at various levels of processing fed to normal healthy rats. Biokemistri, 23(2): 63 – 71.

Norbiato, G., Bevilacqua, M., Merino, R., Raggi, U., Dagani, R., Scorza, D., Frigeni, G. and Vago, T. (1984). Effects of potassium supplementation on insulin binding and insulin action in human obesity: protein – modified fast and refeeding. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 14(6): 414 – 419.

Nordic Nutrition Recommendation (NNR). (2004). Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4th Edition. Nordic Council of Ministers, Corpenhagen. p 13 – 25.

Pinti, M.V., Fink, G.K., Hathaway, Q.A., Durr, A.J., Kunovac, A. and Hollander, J.M. (2019). Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an organ - based analysis. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 316(2): E268 – E285.

Pongracz, G., Weiser, H. and Matzinger, D. (1971). Tocopherols - Antioxidant. Fat Science and Technology, 97: 90 - 104.

Post, G.B., Cohn, P.D. and Cooper, K.R. (2012). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: a critical review of recent literature. Environmental Research, 116: 93 – 117.

Rines, A.K., Sharabi, K., Tavares, C.D.J. and Puigserver, P. (2016). Targeting hepatic glucose metabolism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 15(11): 786 – 804.

Salmeron, J., Manson, J.E., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Wing, A.L. and Willett, W.C. (1997). Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of non – insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 277(6): 472 - 477.

Simpson, H.C.R., Simpson, R.W., Lousley, S., Carter, R.D., Geekie, M., Hockaday, T.D. and Mann, J.I. (1981). A high carbohydrate leguminous fibre diet improves all aspects of diabetic control. The Lancet, 1(8210): 1 – 5.

Solano, M.P. and Goldberg, R.B. (2006). Lipid management in type - 2 diabetes. Clinical Diabetes, 24(1): 27 - 32.

Thorbek, G., A. Chwalibog, B. O. Eggum, and K. Christensen. (1982). Studies on growth, nitrogen, and energy metabolism in rats. Archives of Tierernährung 32: 827 – 840.

Vieira, R., Souto, S.B., Sanchez – Lopez, E., Machado, A.L., Severino, P., Jose, S., Santini, A., Fortuna, A., Garcia, M.L., Silva, A.M. and Souto, E.B. (2019). Sugar - lowering drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome — review of classical and new compounds: Part - I. Pharmaceuticals (Basel Switzerland), 12(4): 152.

Wolever, T.M. and Bolognesi, C. (1996). Prediction of glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index. Journal of Nutrition, 126 (11): 2807 - 2812.

Wolever, T.M., Jenkins, D.J., Jenkins, A.L. and Josse, R.G. (1991). The glycemic index: Methodology and clinical implications. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54: 846 – 854.