Nutritional and Toxicological Implications of Drinking Heat-treated Fresh Raphia hookeri Sap in Rats

Authors

  • Ibegbulem, C.O. Department of Biochemistry Author
  • Eyong, E.U. Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria Author
  • Essien, E.U. Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria Author

Abstract

Nutritional and toxicological implications of drinking heat-treated fresh Raphia hookeri sap (HTFRhS) in place of water were studied in rats. Seven to eight weeks old healthy albino Rattus norvegicus of the Wistar strain of both sexes (n = 8 per group) that weighed 57.46±0.91 g were used. Test rats drank HTFRhS (40.10 mg/ ml, pH 6.36±0.00 at 29.37±1.0oC) for 35 days in place of water after heating it to 85oC (to halt fermentation and distill off pre-formed ethanol) and cooled. Control rats drank only tap water. Body weights, feed and fluid intakes, organ (liver, kidneys, spleen and heart) weights, haematological parameters (like haemoglobin, Hb; packed cell volume, PCV; mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, MCHC; white blood cells, WBC), liver function indices and serum lipid profile were evaluated at the end of the study. HTFRhS did not contain ethanol. When the HTFRhS was administered to the rats, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the HTFRhS-treated rats and control rats for feed conversion ratio (FCR), haematological parameters and organ weights. Serum AST and ALT activities however increased significantly (p<0.05) on consumption of HTFRhS. Serum AST/ALT ratios showed that HTFRhS was more hepato-toxic to the male rats (ratio: 0.98±0.05) and more cardio-toxic to the female rats (ratio: 1.05±0.04). Serum albumin/ globulin ratios of HTFRhS-treated rats increased significantly (p<0.05) presenting a symptom of xanthomatosis. Serum [LDL-cholesterol] of HTFRhS-treated rats increased while their serum [HDL-cholesterol] decreased. Their serum total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios indicated atherogenicity; with the female rats being more (p<0.05) susceptible.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Allain, C.C., Poon, L.S., Chan, C.S.G., Richmond, W. and Fu, P.C. (1974). Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clinical Chemistry 20: 470-475.

Amoa-Awua, W.K., Sampson, E. and Tano-Debrah, K. (2007). Growth of yeasts, lactic and acetic acid bacteria in palm wine during tapping and fermentation from felled oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Ghana. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102 (2): 599-605.

AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Virginia.

Assmann, G., Jabs, H.U., Kohnert, U., Nolte, W. and Schriewer, H. (1984). LDL-cholesterol determination in blood serum following precipitation of LDL with polyvinylsulphate. Clinica Chimica Acta 140: 77-83.

Bain, B. and Bates, I. (2002). Basic haematological techniques. In: Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology, 9th Edn (S.M. Lewis, B.J. Bain, I. Bates, eds), pp. 19-46. Churchill Livingstone, London.

Baker, F.J., Silverton, R.E. and Pallister, C.J., eds. (2001). Baker and Silverton’s Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 7th Edn., pp. 354-373. Sam-Adex Printers, Ibadan.

Burstein, M., Scholnick, H.R. and Morfin, R. (1980). Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation 40: 583-595.

Dalibard, C. (1999). Overall view on the tradition of tapping palm tree and prospects for animal production. Livestock Research for Rural Development 11(1): 1-13.

Doumas, B.T., Watson, W.A. and Biggs, H.G. (1971). Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clinica Chimica Acta 31: 87-96.

Ezeagu, I.E. and Fafunso, M.A. (2003). Biochemical constituents of palm wine. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 42: 213-222.

FAO (1998a). Non-wood forest products. Food and Agricultural Organization, Geneva.

FAO (1998b). Fermented Fruits and Vegetables, a Global Perspective. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome.

Glew, R.H. (2006). Lipid metabolism II: pathways of metabolism of special lipids. In: Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 6th Edn. (T.M. Devlin, ed), pp. 695-741. Wiley Liss, New Jersey.

Gornall, A.G., Bardawill, C.S. and David, M.M. (1949). Determination of serum proteins by means of the Biuret reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 177: 751-766.

Grove, T.H. (1979). Effect of reagent pH on determination of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by precipitation with sodium phosphotungstate-magnesium. Clinical Chemistry 25: 560-564.

Ibegbulem, C.O. (2012a). Biochemical implications of preserving Raphia hookeri palm wine by heating. Journal of Research in Biochemistry 1(1): 042-046. Ibegbulem, C.O. (2012b). Effects of palm kernel oil-treated diet on some biochemical parameters of male rats. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 27(1): 1-7.

Ibegbulem, C.O., Eyong, E.U. and Essien, E.U. (2011). Polymerization inhibition activity of Raphia hookeri palm sap and its effect on osmotic fragility of sickle cell red blood cells. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(17): 4212-4217.

Malhotra, V.K. (1989). Practical Biochemistry for Students, 3rd Edn., pp. 86-97. Jaypee Brothers Medical, New Delhi.

Melattini, F., Prencipe, L., Bardelii, F., Giannini, G. and Tarli, P. (1978). The 4 hydroxybenzoate/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system used in the

enzyme determination of serum cholesterol. Clinical Chemistry 24: 2161-2165.

Michael, B., Yano, B., Sellers, R.S., Perry, R., Morton, D., Roome, N., Johnson, J.K. and Schafer, K. (2007). Evaluation of organ weights for rodent and non-rodent toxicity studies: a review of regulatory guidelines and survey of current practices. Toxicologic Pathology 35(5): 742-750.

Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., eds. (2000). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd Edn., pp. 527-566, 770-817. Worth Publishers, New York.

Nwaiwu, O., Nwachukwu, M.I. and Amadi, N.C. (2005). Effects of chlorine and temperature on yeasts isolated from a soft drink industry. Global Journal of Pure Applied Science 12 (1): 23-29.

Pearlman, F.C. and Lee, R.T.Y. (1974). Detection and measurement of total bilirubin in serum, with use of surfactants as solubilizing agents. Clinical Chemistry 20: 447-453.

Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 28 (1): 56-63.

Shryock, H. and Swartout, H.O., eds. (1980). Bile passages, liver and pancreas. In: Your Health and You. Vol. 2, pp. 496-502. The Stanborough Press Limited, Lincolnshire.

Uhl, N.W. and Dransfield, J. (1987). Genera Palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr. pp. 1-610. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas.

Ukhun, M.E., Okolie, N.P. and Oyerinde, A.O. (2005). Some mineral profiles of fresh and bottled palm wine - a comparative study. African Journal of Biotechnology 4 (8): 829-832.

Wardlaw, G.M. and Kessel, M.W., eds. (2002). Alcohol. In: Perspective in Nutrition, 5th Edn., pp. 294-321. McGraw-Hill, Boston.

Zakrzewski, S.F. (1991). Factors that influence toxicity. In: Principles of Environmental Toxicology, pp. 57-65. American Chemical Society, Washington DC.

Published

2013-12-30

How to Cite

Nutritional and Toxicological Implications of Drinking Heat-treated Fresh Raphia hookeri Sap in Rats. (2013). Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 28(1&2), 1-10. https://www.nsbmb.org.ng/journals/index.php/njbmb/article/view/310