The Mitigating Effects of Annona muricata (Linn) Ethanol Leaf Extract on Melamine-induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats
Abstract
The mitigating effects (biochemical and histological) of Annona muricata (Soursop) ethanol leaf extract in melamine-induced nephrotoxicity were evaluated in male albino rats. Forty Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks old were randomly distributed into Groups A to E (n=8). Group A (vehicle control) received 7 ml/kg body weight (b.w) of 10% Tween-80, Groups B to E were administered 1000 mg/kg b.w of melamine for 10 days. After 10 days of melamine induction, Group C was administered the reference drug, allopurinol (100 mg/kg b.w), Groups D and E were treated with 300 and 500 mg/kg b.w of ethanol extract respectively. Groups C to E were sacrificed on day 22. Secondary metabolite analysis of the ethanol extract gave flavonoids (120 mg/g) as the highest. The oral acute toxicity test gave zero mortality up to 5000 mg/kg b.w of ethanol extract. Treatment with ethanol leaf extracts (300 mg/kg b.w) caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum creatinine, urea, calcium and magnesium whereas the extract at 500 mg/kg b.w only resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in creatinine when compared to the animals that received melamine only. The histology of the kidneys of melamine-induced nephrotoxic rats administered 300 mg/kg b.w of ethanol extract were characterized by moderate tubular dilation, increased secretions in the tubules and few collapsed vessels compared with persistent dilations and occlusion in those induced with melamine only. The findings from this study suggest that at low dose, leaf extract of A. muricata could be effective for the treatment of melamine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats
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